Can see the serial or model number of your hard disks from the terminal, the below commands are get information lshw, lsblk, hdparm, smartctl, palimpsest.

lshw (Hardware Lister)

#  lshw -class disk


  *-disk                  

       description: ATA Disk

       product: ST500LM012 HN-M5

       vendor: Seagate

       physical id: 0.0.0

       bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0

       logical name: /dev/sda

       version: 2AR1

       serial: S2RSJ9DCA02798

       size: 465GiB (500GB)

       capabilities: partitioned partitioned:dos

       configuration: ansiversion=5 sectorsize=4096 signature=00079661

  *-cdrom

       description: DVD-RAM writer

       product: DVD-RAM UJ8D1

       vendor: MATSHITA

       physical id: 0.1.0

       bus info: scsi@0:0.1.0

       logical name: /dev/cdrom

       logical name: /dev/sr0

       version: L.01

       capabilities: removable audio cd-r cd-rw dvd dvd-r dvd-ram

       configuration: ansiversion=5 status=nodisc

Find out disk name only:
 
#  lshw -short -C disk


H/W path        Device      Class          Description

======================================================

/0/1/0.0.0      /dev/sda    disk           500GB ST500LM012 HN-M5

/0/1/0.1.0      /dev/cdrom  disk           DVD-RAM UJ8D1


If you could not found the command try to install using yum or apt-get
 
# lshw -class disk


-bash: lshw: command not found

If you dont have the lshw command just install using yum command
# apt-get install lshw*

# yum install lshw*


...

Dependencies Resolved

===========================================

 Package                 Arch       Version          Repository        Size

============================================

 lshw                    i386       2.15-1.el5.rf    rpmforge          1.4 M

 lshw-gui                i386       2.15-1.el5.rf    rpmforge          417 k

===============================================

Total download size: 1.8 M

Is this ok [y/N]: y

...

Installed: lshw.i386 0:2.15-1.el5.rf lshw-gui.i386 0:2.15-1.el5.rf

Complete!

lsblk

lsblk is used to get infroamtion about all block devices and it not shows infromation about RAM.
 
#  yum install util-linux-ng

# apt-get install util-linux-ng

List out block device like model,kname,size and type,
 
# lsblk -io MODEL,KNAME,SIZE,TYPE


MODEL            KNAME   SIZE TYPE

ST500LM012 HN-M5 sda   465.8G disk

                 sda1    464G part

                 sda2      1K part

                 sda5    1.8G part

DVD-RAM UJ8D1    sr0    1024M rom

or
# cat /proc/partitions


major minor  #blocks  name



   8        0  488386584 sda

   8        1  486511616 sda1

   8        2          1 sda2

   8        5    1871872 sda5

  11        0    1048575 sr0

hdparm

Hdparm is used to check the hard drive read and writing speed.

Redhat/CentOS
 
# yum install hdparm -y

Ubuntu/Debian
 
# apt-get install hdparm -y

Show harddisk details like Model/Serial number, configuration, Capabilities, features.
 
#  hdparm -I /dev/sda


/dev/sda:



ATA device, with non-removable media

    Model Number:       ST500LM012 HN-M500MBB                   

    Serial Number:      S2RSJ9DCA02798      

    Firmware Revision:  2AR10002

    Transport:          Serial, ATA8-AST, SATA 1.0a, SATA II Extensions, SATA Rev 2.5, SATA Rev 2.6, SATA Rev 3.0

Standards:

    Used: unknown (minor revision code 0x0028)

    Supported: 8 7 6 5

    Likely used: 8

Configuration:

    Logical        max    current

    cylinders    16383    16383

    heads        16    1

    sectors/track    63    63

    --

    CHS current addressable sectors:    1032129

    LBA    user addressable sectors:  268435455

    LBA48  user addressable sectors:  976773168

    Logical  Sector size:                   512 bytes

    Physical Sector size:                  4096 bytes

    Logical Sector-0 offset:                  0 bytes

    device size with M = 1024*1024:      476940 MBytes

    device size with M = 1000*1000:      500107 MBytes (500 GB)

    cache/buffer size  = 8192 KBytes

    Form Factor: 2.5 inch

    Nominal Media Rotation Rate: 5400

Capabilities:

    LBA, IORDY(can be disabled)

    Queue depth: 32

    Standby timer values: spec'd by Standard, no device specific minimum

    R/W multiple sector transfer: Max = 16    Current = 16

    Advanced power management level: 128

    Recommended acoustic management value: 254, current value: 128

    DMA: mdma0 mdma1 mdma2 udma0 udma1 udma2 udma3 udma4 udma5 *udma6

         Cycle time: min=120ns recommended=120ns

    PIO: pio0 pio1 pio2 pio3 pio4

         Cycle time: no flow control=120ns  IORDY flow control=120ns

Commands/features:

    Enabled    Supported:

       *    SMART feature set

            Security Mode feature set

       *    Power Management feature set

       *    Write cache

       *    Look-ahead

       *    Host Protected Area feature set

       *    WRITE_BUFFER command

       *    READ_BUFFER command

       *    NOP cmd

       *    DOWNLOAD_MICROCODE

       *    Advanced Power Management feature set

            Power-Up In Standby feature set

       *    SET_FEATURES required to spinup after power up

            SET_MAX security extension

       *    Automatic Acoustic Management feature set

       *    48-bit Address feature set

       *    Device Configuration Overlay feature set

       *    Mandatory FLUSH_CACHE

       *    FLUSH_CACHE_EXT

       *    SMART error logging

       *    SMART self-test

       *    General Purpose Logging feature set

       *    64-bit World wide name

       *    IDLE_IMMEDIATE with UNLOAD

       *    WRITE_UNCORRECTABLE_EXT command

       *    {READ,WRITE}_DMA_EXT_GPL commands

       *    Segmented DOWNLOAD_MICROCODE

       *    Gen1 signaling speed (1.5Gb/s)

       *    Gen2 signaling speed (3.0Gb/s)

       *    Native Command Queueing (NCQ)

       *    Host-initiated interface power management

       *    Phy event counters

       *    Idle-Unload when NCQ is active

       *    NCQ priority information

            DMA Setup Auto-Activate optimization

            Device-initiated interface power management

       *    Software settings preservation

       *    SMART Command Transport (SCT) feature set

       *    SCT Read/Write Long (AC1), obsolete

       *    SCT Write Same (AC2)

       *    SCT Error Recovery Control (AC3)

       *    SCT Features Control (AC4)

       *    SCT Data Tables (AC5)

Security:

    Master password revision code = 65534

        supported

    not    enabled

    not    locked

        frozen

    not    expired: security count

        supported: enhanced erase

    104min for SECURITY ERASE UNIT. 104min for ENHANCED SECURITY ERASE UNIT.

Logical Unit WWN Device Identifier: 50004cf2088fd241

    NAA        : 5

    IEEE OUI    : 0004cf

    Unique ID    : 2088fd241

Checksum: correct

smartctl

Install  smartctl command,
 
# apt-get install smartmontools

# smartctl -d ata -a -i /dev/sda


Reading package lists... Done

Building dependency tree       

Reading state information... Done

The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:

  lib32z1 libc6-i386

Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them.

The following extra packages will be installed:

  heirloom-mailx

Suggested packages:

  exim4 mail-transport-agent gsmartcontrol smart-notifier

Recommended packages:

  mailx mailutils

The following NEW packages will be installed:

  heirloom-mailx smartmontools

0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 53 not upgraded.

Need to get 693 kB of archives.

After this operation, 2,168 kB of additional disk space will be used.

Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y

Get:1 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/universe heirloom-mailx amd64 12.5-2 [247 kB]

Get:2 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main smartmontools amd64 6.2+svn3841-1.2 [445 kB]

Fetched 693 kB in 6s (103 kB/s)                                                

Selecting previously unselected package heirloom-mailx.

(Reading database ... 184903 files and directories currently installed.)

Preparing to unpack .../heirloom-mailx_12.5-2_amd64.deb ...

Unpacking heirloom-mailx (12.5-2) ...

Selecting previously unselected package smartmontools.

Preparing to unpack .../smartmontools_6.2+svn3841-1.2_amd64.deb ...

Unpacking smartmontools (6.2+svn3841-1.2) ...

Processing triggers for man-db (2.6.7.1-1ubuntu1) ...

Processing triggers for ureadahead (0.100.0-16) ...

ureadahead will be reprofiled on next reboot

Setting up heirloom-mailx (12.5-2) ...

update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/heirloom-mailx to provide /usr/bin/mailx (mailx) in auto mode

Setting up smartmontools (6.2+svn3841-1.2) ...

Processing triggers for ureadahead (0.100.0-16) ...

root@laks:/dev/disk# smartctl -d ata -a -i /dev/sda

smartctl 6.2 2013-07-26 r3841 [x86_64-linux-3.13.0-37-generic] (local build)

Copyright (C) 2002-13, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org



=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===

Model Family:     Seagate Momentus SpinPoint M8 (AF)

Device Model:     ST500LM012 HN-M500MBB

Serial Number:    S2RSJ9DCA02798

LU WWN Device Id: 5 0004cf 2088fd241

Firmware Version: 2AR10002

User Capacity:    500,107,862,016 bytes [500 GB]

Sector Sizes:     512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical

Rotation Rate:    5400 rpm

Device is:        In smartctl database [for details use: -P show]

ATA Version is:   ATA8-ACS T13/1699-D revision 6

SATA Version is:  SATA 3.0, 3.0 Gb/s (current: 3.0 Gb/s)

Local Time is:    Mon Nov 10 16:53:18 2014 IST

SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.

SMART support is: Enabled



=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===

SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED



General SMART Values:

Offline data collection status:  (0x00)    Offline data collection activity

                    was never started.

                    Auto Offline Data Collection: Disabled.

Self-test execution status:      (   0)    The previous self-test routine completed

                    without error or no self-test has ever

                    been run.

Total time to complete Offline

data collection:         ( 6480) seconds.

Offline data collection

capabilities:              (0x5b) SMART execute Offline immediate.

                    Auto Offline data collection on/off support.

                    Suspend Offline collection upon new

                    command.

                    Offline surface scan supported.

                    Self-test supported.

                    No Conveyance Self-test supported.

                    Selective Self-test supported.

SMART capabilities:            (0x0003)    Saves SMART data before entering

                    power-saving mode.

                    Supports SMART auto save timer.

Error logging capability:        (0x01)    Error logging supported.

                    General Purpose Logging supported.

Short self-test routine

recommended polling time:      (   2) minutes.

Extended self-test routine

recommended polling time:      ( 108) minutes.

SCT capabilities:            (0x003f)    SCT Status supported.

                    SCT Error Recovery Control supported.

                    SCT Feature Control supported.

                    SCT Data Table supported.



SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16

Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:

ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME          FLAG     VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE      UPDATED  WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE

  1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate     0x002f   100   100   051    Pre-fail  Always       -       4

  2 Throughput_Performance  0x0026   252   252   000    Old_age   Always       -       0

  3 Spin_Up_Time            0x0023   091   091   025    Pre-fail  Always       -       2857

  4 Start_Stop_Count        0x0032   097   097   000    Old_age   Always       -       3125

  5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct   0x0033   252   252   010    Pre-fail  Always       -       0

  7 Seek_Error_Rate         0x002e   252   252   051    Old_age   Always       -       0

  8 Seek_Time_Performance   0x0024   252   252   015    Old_age   Offline      -       0

  9 Power_On_Hours          0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       4093

 10 Spin_Retry_Count        0x0032   252   252   051    Old_age   Always       -       0

 11 Calibration_Retry_Count 0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       10

 12 Power_Cycle_Count       0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       885

191 G-Sense_Error_Rate      0x0022   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       210

192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0022   252   252   000    Old_age   Always       -       0

194 Temperature_Celsius     0x0002   051   042   000    Old_age   Always       -       49 (Min/Max 22/58)

195 Hardware_ECC_Recovered  0x003a   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0

196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0032   252   252   000    Old_age   Always       -       0

197 Current_Pending_Sector  0x0032   252   252   000    Old_age   Always       -       0

198 Offline_Uncorrectable   0x0030   252   252   000    Old_age   Offline      -       0

199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count    0x0036   200   200   000    Old_age   Always       -       0

200 Multi_Zone_Error_Rate   0x002a   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       2339

223 Load_Retry_Count        0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       10

225 Load_Cycle_Count        0x0032   099   099   000    Old_age   Always       -       10777



SMART Error Log Version: 1

No Errors Logged



SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1

No self-tests have been logged.  [To run self-tests, use: smartctl -t]



SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 0

Note: revision number not 1 implies that no selective self-test has ever been run

 SPAN  MIN_LBA  MAX_LBA  CURRENT_TEST_STATUS

    1        0        0  Completed [00% left] (0-65535)

    2        0        0  Not_testing

    3        0        0  Not_testing

    4        0        0  Not_testing

    5        0        0  Not_testing

Selective self-test flags (0x0):

  After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.

If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.

palimpsest:

Also, graphically view disk utility by palimpsest command,
 
#  apt-get install gnome-disk-utility

Run it from a terminal
 
# palimpsest